Django

Django is a widely-used Python web application framework with a "batteries-included" philosophy. The principle behind batteries-included is that the common functionality for building web applications should come with the framework instead of as separate libraries.

For example, authentication, URL routing, a template engine, an object-relational mapper (ORM), and database schema migrations (as of version 1.7) are all included with the Django framework. Compare that included functionality to the Flask framework which requires a separate library such as Flask-Login to perform user authentication.

The batteries-included and extensibility philosophies are simply two different ways to tackle framework building. Neither philosophy is inherently better than the other one.

Why is Django a good web framework choice?

The Django project's stability, performance and community have grown tremendously over the past decade since the framework's creation. Detailed tutorials and good practices are readily available on the web and in books. The framework continues to add significant new functionality such as database migrations with each release.

I highly recommend the Django framework as a starting place for new Python web developers because the official documentation and tutorials are some of the best anywhere in software development. Many cities also have Django-specific groups such as Django District, Django Boston and San Francisco Django so new developers can get help when they are stuck.

There's some debate on whether learning Python by using Django is a bad idea. However, that criticism is invalid if you take the time to learn the Python syntax and language semantics first before diving into web development.

Django books and tutorials

There are a slew of free or low cost resources out there for Django. Make sure to check the version numbers used in each post you read because Django was released over 10 years ago and has had a huge number of updates since then. These resources are geared towards beginners. If you are already experienced with Django you should take a look at the next section of resources for more advanced tutorials.

• Test-Driven Development with Python focuses on web development using Django and JavaScript. This book uses the development of a website using the Django web framework as a real world example of how to perform test-driven development (TDD). There is also coverage of NoSQL, WebSockets and asynchronous responses. The book can be read online for free or purchased in hard copy via O'Reilly.

• Tango with Django is an extensive set of free introductions to using the most popular Python web framework. Several current developers said this book really helped them get over the initial framework learning curve.

• The Django Girls Tutorial is a great tutorial that doesn't assume any prior knowledge of Python or Django while helping you build your first web application.

• Django OverIQ is a project-based tutorial for beginners that covers the required features such as the Django ORM and Django Templates.

• Effective Django is another free introduction to the web framework.

• The Django subreddit often has links to the latest resources for learning Django and is also a good spot to ask questions about it.

• This Django tutorial shows how to build a project from scratch using Twitter Bootstrap, Bower, Requests and the Github API.

• The recommended Django project layout is helpful for developers new to Django to understand how to structure the directories and files within apps for projects.

• Django for Beginners: Build websites with Python and Django by William S. Vincent is perfect if you are just getting started with Django and web development, taking you from total beginner to confident web developer with Django and Python.

Django videos

Are you looking for Django videos in addition to articles? There is a special section for Django and web development on the best Python videos page.

Intermediate and advanced Django topics

These books and tutorials assume that you know the basics of building Django and want to go further to become much more knowledgeable about the framework.

• 2 Scoops of Django by Daniel Greenfeld and Audrey Roy is well worth the price of admission if you're serious about learning how to correctly develop Django websites.

• This 3-part Django project optimization guide covers a wide range of advanced topics such as Profiling and Django settings, working with databases and caching.

• This tutorial shows how to create a Django web app that can make phone calls and send text messages for automated surveys. The code is a really good example of a full Django project and is also available open source on GitHub.

• Working with time zones is necessary for every web application. This blog post on pytz and Django is a great start for figuring out what you need to know.

• REST APIs with Django: Build powerful web APIs with Python and Django by William S. Vincent is the book for you if you are just moving beyond the basics of Django and looking to get up speed with Django REST Framework (DRF) and service-oriented architecture (SOA). It also dives into more advanced topics like token-based authentication and permissions.

• Django Stripe Tutorial details how to quickly add Stripe to accept payments in a Django web app.

• This Python Social Auth for Django tutorial will show you how to integrate social media sign in buttons into your Django application.

• The Django Admin Cookbook and Building Multi Tenant Applications with Django are two solid "code recipe-style" free open source books that will teach you more about the admin interface as well as building projects that will be used by more than a single customer so their data needs to be properly separated.

• How to Create Custom Django Management Commands explains how to expand the default manage.py commands list with your own custom commands in your projects. The tutorial has a bunch of great examples with expected output to make it easy to follow along and learn while you work through the post.

• Luke Plant writes about his approach to class based views (CBVs), which often provoke heated debate in the Django community for whether they are a time saver or "too much magic" for the framework.

Django migrations

• Paul Hallett wrote a detailed Django 1.7 app upgrade guide on the Twilio blog from his experience working with the django-twilio package.

• Real Python's migrations primer explores the difference between South's migrations and the built-in Django 1.7 migrations as well as how you use them.

• Andrew Pinkham's "Upgrading to Django 1.7" series is great learning material for understanding what's changed in this major release and how to adapt your Django project. Part 1, part 2 and part 3 and part 4 are now all available to read.

• Django migrations without downtimes shows one potential way of performing on-line schema migrations with Django.

• How to Extend Django User Model presents four main ways to expand upon the built-in User model that is packaged with Django. This scenario is very common for all but the simplest Django projects.

Channels in 1.9+

Channels are a new mechanism in Django 1.9 provided as a standalone app. They may be incorporated into the core framework in 2.0+. Channels provide "real-time" full-duplex communication between the browser and the server based on WebSockets.

• This tutorial shows how to get started with Django Channels in your project.

• The channels examples repository contains a couple of good starter projects such as a live blog and a chat application to use as base code.

Django testing

• Integrating Front End Tools with Django is a good post to read for figuring out how to use Gulp for handling front end tools in development and production Django sites.

• Getting Started with Django Testing will help you stop procrastinating on testing your Django projects if you're uncertain where to begin.

• Testing in Django provides numerous examples and explanations for how to test your Django project's code.

• Django views automated testing with Selenium gives some example code to get up and running with Selenium browser-based tests.

Django with JavaScript MVC frameworks

There are resources for JavaScript MVC frameworks such as Angular, React and Vue.js on their respective pages.

Django ORM tutorials

Django comes with its own custom object-relational mapper (ORM) typically referred to as "the Django ORM". Learn more about the Django ORM on the its own page and more broadly about ORMs on the Python object-relational mappers page.

Static and media files

Deploying and handling static and media files can be confusing for new Django developers. These resources along with the static content page are useful for figuring out how to handle these files properly.

• How to Optimize Images for Page Load Speed in Django reviews good practices for improving page speed performance when media images make up a significant percentage of webpage download size.

• Using Amazon S3 to Store your Django Site's Static and Media Files is a well written guide to a question commonly asked about static and media file serving.

• Loading Django FileField and ImageFields from the file system shows how to load a model field with a file from the file system.

• Storing Django Static and Media Files on Amazon S3 shows how to configure Django to load and serve up static and media files, public and private, via an Amazon S3 bucket.

Open source Django example projects

• Browser calls with Django and Twilio shows how to build a web app with Django and Twilio Client to turn a user's web browser into a full-fledged phone. Pretty awesome!

• Txt 2 React is a full Django web app that allows audiences to text in during a presentation with feedback or questions.

• Openduty is a website status checking and alert system similar to PagerDuty.

• Courtside is a pick up sports web application written and maintained by the author of PyCoder's Weekly.

• These two Django Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system web application repositories part 1 and part 2 show you how to build a really cool Django application. There's also an accompanying blog post with detailed explanations of each step.

• Taiga is a project management tool built with Django as the backend and AngularJS as the front end.

Django project templates

Project templates, not to be confused with a template engine, generate boilerplate code for a base Django project plus optional libraries that are often used when developing web applications.

• Caktus Group's Django project template is Django 1.6+ ready.

• Cookiecutter Django is a project template from Daniel Greenfeld, for use with Audrey Roy's Cookiecutter. The template results are Heroku deployment-ready.

• Two Scoops Django project template is also from the PyDanny and Audrey Roy. This one provides a quick scaffold described in the Two Scoops of Django book.

• Sugardough is a Django project template from Mozilla that is compatible with cookiecutter.

Django learning checklist

1. Install Django on your local development machine.

2. Work through the initial "polls" tutorial.

3. Build a few more simple applications using the tutorial resources found in the "Django resources" section.

4. Start coding your own Django project with help from the official documentation and resource links below. You'll make plenty of mistakes which is critical on your path to learning the right way to build applications.

5. Read 2 Scoops of Django to understand Django good practices and learn better ways of building Django web applications.

6. Move on to the deployment section to get your Django project on the web.

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